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PC-CALC(tm) A Spreadsheet Program For the IBM Personal Computer Version 2.0 (C)Copyright CALC, 1984 (C)Copyright ButtonWare, 1984 Portions (C)Copyright Microsoft Corporation, 1983 All rights reserved Jim Button ButtonWare P.O. Box 5786 Bellevue, WA 98006 PC-CALC(tm) USER GUIDE Page 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 System Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Getting Started . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 A Brief Tutorial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 General Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Keyboard Conventions . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Alphabetical Reference ABS Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 ATN Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 AVERAGE Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 BLANK Command (/B) . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 CONFIGURE Command (/C) . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 COS Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 COUNT Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 DELETE Command (/D) . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 EDIT Command (/E) . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 EXP Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 FIX Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 FORMAT Command (/F) . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 GLOBAL Command (/G) . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 IF Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 INSERT Command (/I) . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 INT Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 LOAD Command (/L) . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 LOG Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 MAX Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 MIN Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 NPV Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 PRINT Command (/P) . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 QUIT Command (/Q) . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 REPLICATE Command (/R) . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 SAVE Command (/S) . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 SGN Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 SIN Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 SQR Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 SUM Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 TAN Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 TITLE Command (/T) . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 XTERNAL Command (/X) . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 ZAP Command (/Z) . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 PC-CALC File Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 The Files On The PC-CALC Disk . . . . . . . . . . 31 Some Frequently Asked Questions . . . . . . . . . . 31 If You Need Help . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 Disclaimer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 The User-Supported Concept . . . . . . . . . . . 34 Why Should I Pay? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 Restricted Permission to Copy . . . . . . . . . . 35 Order Form . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 PC-CALC(tm) USER GUIDE Page 3 A NOTE ABOUT YOUR EVALUATION COPY PC-CALC now includes a 110-page typeset User Guide. The manual has become far too large to include on diskette. Portions of the manual are included here, so you can evaluate the software. At several places in this copy of the User Guide you'll see the following notice. ***************************************** * Section omitted. Evaluation copy. * ***************************************** We honestly feel that we've supplied enough of the manual to allow you to make a good evaluation of the program. There are several reasons why we didn't provide the entire manual on disk. - We want to continually remind you to pay for PC-Calc if you're using it. We've priced it so that you can afford it. Frankly, it's the best bargain in the industry. We also suspect and hope that you (the buying public) will want to cast your "vote" for lower priced software by paying readily for such programs. Other software publishers would then be forced to take notice. - We feel that the honesty of our "registered" users should be rewarded. They're entitled to some extra value that should rightfully be denied to those who don't pay. - It takes up too much room on the diskette. We trust that you'll be open-minded about the omissions. We hope that we can soon add you to our list of very satisfied customers. PC-CALC(tm) USER GUIDE Page 4 INTRODUCTION PC-CALC is an easy-to-use "Visible Spreadsheet" program. If you work with numbers, at home, on the job or at school, PC-CALC is for you. Whether the task is simple or complex, PC-CALC can help you. By using its powerful commands, reports can be produced in minutes that would take hours to do manually, or days to write in BASIC. Here are some examples of how people are using PC-CALC: - Computing interest and principal on loans, mortgages, savings accounts. - Preparing payroll journals, sales journals, accounts receivable journals. - Doing income tax computations, computing depreciation, accumulating income and expenses. - Preparing business forecasts, P&L's, ten-year projections, etc. and then playing "what if..." to see the impact of changing one or more numbers. - Analyzing investments, balancing checkbooks, keeping budgets. - Preparing homework assignments for classes in bookkeeping, accounting, math, etc. Spreadsheets created with PC-CALC can be displayed and altered on the screen, printed out, saved on disk and reloaded for further changes or review. If you create a really wide spreadsheet that won't fit on one page, no problem. PC-CALC will print two pages that can be attached to make one wide spreadsheet. And spreadsheets are not limited to the size of your computer screen. PC-CALC will scroll up, down and sideways to give you a spreadsheet up to 26 columns wide and 255 lines long. Numbers and words can be placed anywhere on the spreadsheet. The width of each column of your spreadsheet can be any size from 1 character to 75 characters wide, or it can be "zero" characters wide, which means it exists and contains data, but is hidden from view. A number can have from one to nine decimals, or no decimals at all. Spreadsheets can link to other spreadsheets to extract data, providing a "3-dimensional" capability. And if you are a PC-FILE database user, PC-CALC can reach into your databases and extract data or add up numbers. And there is no limit to the number of PC-CALC(tm) USER GUIDE Page 5 databases that can be accessed by a single spreadsheet. These are just a few of the features that PC-CALC provides. This manual describes all the features of PC-CALC in detail. It is recommended that the manual be read completely before using PC-CALC, but you will find that it is so easy to use, many of its features can be mastered even without the documentation. For that reason, this manual has been organized as a reference document rather than a tutorial. There is a tutorial section at the beginning, titled "A Brief Tutorial", but the rest of the manual is designed for quickly finding information about specific commands and functions. ---------------------------------------------------------------- SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS PC-CALC runs on the IBM PC and PCjr or compatible systems with this minimum configuration: - 128K computer memory. - An MSDOS or PCDOS operating system version 1.1 or later. - A monochrome or color monitor with either 40 or 80 column display. A color graphics board is not necessary, but if you have one, PC-CALC will format its screens in your choice of colors. If your computer has less than 25 lines, PC-CALC can be configured for a shorter screen (8 lines minimum). - A double sided diskette drive. PC-CALC is also compatible with hard disks and electronic disks. - A printer is optional. PC-CALC will run on most printers. Special formatting options are available for the Epson printer and compatibles. PC-CALC(tm) USER GUIDE Page 6 GETTING STARTED 1. Turn on your computer and load the MS-DOS operating system. (The PC-CALC diskette does not have MS-DOS on it, so use any diskette that does.) 2. Put the PC-CALC diskette in drive A. (If you only have one copy of the PC-CALC diskette, this is a good time to make a backup copy of it.) 3. At this point, most users will simply type: PC-CALC and press ENTER, which will load and run the program. However, there are some special cases when PC-CALC cannot automatically configure itself, and an extra code must be entered, as indicated below: Computers with a forty-column display: PC-CALC 40 Computers with a color board, but a monochrome monitor: PC-CALC BW Computers with a color board, but a monochrome monitor, and a forty-column display: PC-CALC BW40 Non-IBM computers which do not have IBM-compatible video memory mapping (such as the Tandy 2000): PC-CALC SL 4. Press any key to move from the PC-CALC banner screen to the spreadsheet screen. 5. Check the screen. If it doesn't look right, or if it doesn't show "A1 >" in the lower left corner, read the Configure (/C) section before proceeding. Otherwise, PC-CALC is ready to use! PC-CALC(tm) USER GUIDE Page 7 A BRIEF TUTORIAL Now that you have PC-CALC loaded in your computer, note that across the top of the screen are letters: A, B, C, etc. These letters identify the columns of the spreadsheet. Down the left side are numbers. These numbers identify each row of the spreadsheet. Each coordinate in this grid is called a "cell". For example, the cell where the cursor is currently located is called "A1"; to its right is "B1"; below it is "A2"; at the end of the spreadsheet (not currently on the screen) is "Z255". Press the arrow keys and you will find that you can move the large cursor (called the "cell cursor") around on the screen. When moving left and right, it moves one column at a time. Up and down it moves one row at a time. In the lower left corner of the screen is an indicator called the "cursor coordinate", which shows the cell currently occupied. As the cursor is moved about the screen, this cursor coordinate will rapidly change to the new cell address. Press the right-arrow several times and you will see the screen "scroll sideways". In other words, column A will disappear on the left, and all the other columns will shift to the left, making room for a new column on the right. If you keep pressing the right-arrow key, eventually you will come to column Z and the cursor will no longer move. You have reached the edge of the spreadsheet. Using the down arrow key you can make the screen "scroll up" until the last row of the screen, row 255, is displayed. When pressing the arrow keys to scroll, if you hold down the arrow key, causing it to rapidly repeat, you will notice something a bit different. The cursor coordinate in the lower left corner of the screen starts advancing rapidly, but the screen is not redisplayed until you let up on the arrow key. This allows you to scroll quickly to any position in the spreadsheet without waiting for the screen to be refreshed. Now let's try putting some data on the spreadsheet. Move the cursor to coordinate B4, and type 12345 then press the ENTER key. As you type the number, you will notice that it is displayed on the bottom line of the screen. This line is called the "entry line". When you press ENTER, the number on the entry line disappears, and is redisplayed up in the spreadsheet at coordinate B4. But it is slightly different. Instead of being simply the 12345 you typed, it is 12,345.00 and it is shifted to the right of the column. The number is displayed this way because of certain "defaults" in PC-CALC for displaying numbers. Unless PC-CALC(tm) USER GUIDE Page 8 otherwise specified, all numbers will have two decimal places, will have commas between the thousands, and will be "right- justified" in the column. Of course it is possible to change these defaults, for specific cells or for the whole screen, and this will be discussed later in the "Format Command" section. Now press the up-arrow and move the cell cursor to B2. Type the following (including the quote mark): "This is a test of PC-CALC. and press the ENTER key. As you are typing, if you make an error, you can use the arrow keys to move the cursor back and forth across the entry line, then make typing corrections. After pressing ENTER, look at cell B2. It will now contain the text you typed, and the text will overlap into cells C2 and D2. Text is allowed to overlap cells in PC-CALC, provided the cells to the right have nothing in them. (Note: If your text didn't appear in cell B2, make sure you typed the quotation mark as the first character; the " mark tells PC-CALC that the data is text.) Now move the cursor to B6 and type: B4+B4 then press the ENTER key. Cell B6 should display the number 24,690.00 which is the sum of 12345 plus 12345. Let's examine what happened. By moving the cursor to B6, you told PC-CALC to put the result of the formula into B6. The formula B4+B4 told PC-CALC to get the number at B4, add it to itself, and put the result in B6. The formula could have been simpler or more complex and PC-CALC would have immediately gathered up all the numbers needed, computed the new value, and displayed the result at B6. Looking at the screen, you have now entered all three types of data that can go on a PC-CALC spreadsheet: At B2 you entered the "text" - "This is a test of PC-CALC. At B4 you entered the "value" - 12345 At B6 you entered the "formula" - B4+B4 Any cell on the spreadsheet can contain text, a value or a formula. Now move the cell cursor to each of the three cells with data in them. As the cell cursor moves into a cell, notice that the "cell contents" are displayed at the bottom of the screen on the "message line". The cell contents are the actual letters or numbers you typed when entering data into the cell. Now as a final exercise in this brief tutorial, type /Z Y to clear the worksheet (a complete explanation of the Zap (/Z) PC-CALC(tm) USER GUIDE Page 9 command appears later in the manual). Move the cursor to each cell listed below, and enter the data exactly as shown. If you get an error message on any of the lines, press CONTROL-C (hold down CONTROL while pressing C) to clear the entry line, then type it again. All lines should go in as shown without errors. At Coordinate: Enter this data: B2 "Compute Annual Interest B4 "Rate: C4 5.5 B6 "Year C6 " Balance D6 " Interest B7 "1983 C7 5000 D7 C7*C4/100 B8 "1984 C8 C7+D7 D8 C8*C4/100 B9 "1985 C9 C8+D8 D9 C9*C4/100 B11 "Totals C11 C9+D9 D11 SUM(D7:D9) When the preceding data has been entered, your spreadsheet screen should look like this: A B C D 1 2 Compute Annual Interest 3 4 Rate: 5.50 5 6 Year Balance Interest 7 1983 5,000.00 275.00 8 1984 5,275.00 290.13 9 1985 5,565.13 306.08 10 11 Totals 5,871.21 871.21 This simple spreadsheet computes the interest on a savings account at a specified annual interest rate. Since this is a sample exercise, the spreadsheet has been kept small, but later you will learn how to use the "Replicate" command to extend a spreadsheet like this one to fifty years or more, in a matter of seconds. The "SUM" function in cell D11 is simply adding up the numbers in D7 through D9, so you can see the accumulated interest for all three years. PC-CALC(tm) USER GUIDE Page 10 Now let's try some "what if" experiments. What if the interest rate were seven percent instead of 5.5? To see the result, simply move to cell C4, type 7 and press ENTER. All the figures on the screen are immediately updated with the new interest computation. Or what if the interest were 18%? Try it. What if there were only $850.25 instead of $5000? Move the cursor to C7 and enter 850.25 and the spreadsheet will immediately be recalculated. A printed report of the spreadsheet is often desirable. Ready your printer, then type the command /P which invokes the Print routine. You will then be prompted for several options. For this simple spreadsheet, just press ENTER for each of the options. The spreadsheet will print, and PC-CALC will return to its original state, waiting for another command. Finally, before exiting from PC-CALC, let's save the spreadsheet on disk. Type /S to invoke the Save routine. You will be asked to enter the name of the spreadsheet; type TEST and press ENTER. PC-CALC will say "Saving file. Stand by . . ." and the file will be written to your PC-CALC disk. It can later be loaded using the /L command. (Note: If you get a message saying "File Exists. Overwrite Y/N?", it only means that someone before you saved a file called TEST. Reply Y to the message, and your TEST file will overwrite the one already on the disk.) This concludes the brief tutorial. The remainder of this manual is organized for reference. It is a good idea to read through it to familiarize yourself with some of the more sophisticated commands. But the best way to learn PC-CALC is to use it. PC-CALC(tm) USER GUIDE Page 11 GENERAL INFORMATION ABOUT PC-CALC The maximum size of a PC-CALC spreadsheet is 26 columns by 255 rows. The maximum content of a cell is 64 characters, and the maximum column width is 75 characters. The amount of memory available for your spreadsheet is displayed at all times in the lower left corner of the screen. It is a number followed by the letter "K". If it says 16K, for example, you still have 16K of memory available for typing text and formulas. If it says 1K, be careful. Your spreadsheet is getting too big and may fill memory, causing the "MEMORY FULL" message. Three types of data may be entered into a cell: TEXT: Precede a text entry with a quotation mark or apostrophe. Any character may be typed in a text entry, and all of the data will appear in the cell. If the text data is wider than the column, and there is nothing in the cell to its right, it will overlap into subsequent cells. If there is something in the cell to its right, the text data will be truncated on the display and printout. The entire text entry is retained in the cell, even if it does not all display. Text may be left- or right-justified in the column by using the Format (/F) command. Text entries can be from 1 to 64 characters in length. VALUE: A value is a number. When a value is entered into a cell, it is displayed according to current defaults. For example, you enter 12345 and it is displayed as 12,345.00. Each value is displayed according to the display attributes of the cell. These attributes can be changed by using the Format (/F) command. In PC-CALC a value cannot exceed 12 digits in total length, and it can have no more than 9 digits to the right of the decimal place. While these restrictions in number size are acceptable for personal and business applications, they may preclude the use of PC-CALC for some scientific applications. FORMULA: A formula is one or more cell coordinates and/or one or more values, combined using arithmetic operators. For example, a formula might simply add together a string of numbers: A1+B1+C1+D1 or it might perform a more complex task: A1*2.5+(SUM(A1:D1)-.00005). Formulas can be up to 64 characters in length. A formula can have any combination of cell coordinates, values, math functions, statistical functions and IF functions, each separated by an operator (+, -, *, /, ^). No blanks may be PC-CALC(tm) USER GUIDE Page 12 entered; if the space bar is pressed, PC-CALC ignores it. Exponentiation (^) is done first, then multiplication (*) and division (/) are done, and finally addition (+) and subtraction (-) are done. Parts of a formula may be nested in parentheses, up to thirty levels. These rules apply to formulas with parentheses: - Every left parenthesis must have a matching right parenthesis, or else the "Mismatched parentheses" error will occur. - Parenthesised expressions are always evaluated from the inner-most to the outer-most. Using parentheses, the precedence of the arithmetic operators can be overridden. For example, A1+5*C1 will do the multiplication first, then the addition. (A1+5)*C1 will do the addition first. - Use parentheses to separate two operators in a row. For example, to multiply A1 times -5, the formula A1*-5 is not valid because the * and - are together. Instead use this format: A1*(-5) to accomplish the arithmetic. A formula may also include a function, or consist solely of a function. Examples: A1+SUM(B1:E1) TAN(A1) For specific information on each function, see the alphabetical reference section. PC-CALC(tm) USER GUIDE Page 13 KEYBOARD CONVENTIONS Certain keys perform special functions in PC-CALC. These keys fall into two general categories; cell cursor keys and entry line keys. Once you have started entering data, PC-CALC goes into data entry mode, and only entry line keys will be recognized from the keyboard until the entry line is entered or canceled. In some cases, the same key that is used for cell cursor movement performs a different function when you are entering data. For ease of reference, the keys are listed within category. CELL CURSOR KEYS Special Key Alternate Purpose of key ----------- --------- -------------- UP ARROW CONTROL-E Moves cell cursor up one row. DOWN ARROW CONTROL-X Moves cell cursor down one row. LEFT ARROW or CONTROL-S Moves cell cursor left one column. BACKSPACE or BACK-TAB RIGHT ARROW or CONTROL-D Moves the cell cursor right one TAB column. HOME Moves the cell cursor to the upper left corner of the screen. END Moves the cell cursor to the lower right corner of the screen. PAGE UP or CONTROL-R Moves the cell cursor back one UP/RIGHT ARROW screen. (to center row) PAGE DOWN or CONTROL-C Moves the cell cursor forward one DOWN/RIGHT ARROW screen. (to center row) UP/LEFT ARROW CONTROL-W Moves the screen down one row without moving the cell cursor. DOWN/LEFT ARROW CONTROL-Z Moves the screen up one row without moving the cell cursor. CONTROL-N Inserts a row above the row where the cell cursor is located. CONTROL-Y Deletes the row where the cell cursor is located. = CONTROL-Q Prompts for a cell, and jumps to that cell. PC-CALC(tm) USER GUIDE Page 14 ENTRY LINE KEYS Special Key Alternate Purpose of key ----------- --------- -------------- LEFT ARROW or CONTROL-S Moves the data cursor left one BACKSPACE character. RIGHT ARROW or CONTROL-D Moves the data cursor right one TAB character. CANCEL CONTROL-C Cancels the current command or entry, and erases the entry line. INSERT CONTROL-V Toggles on/off insert mode. DELETE CONTROL-G Deletes the character of input data at the cursor. ERASE EOF CONTROL-T Erases input data from the cursor to the end of the entry line. ENTER or COMMA Terminates a command or a command RETURN entry on the entry line. ! Causes "recalculation"; i.e. all the formulas in the spreadsheet are re-computed. / Prompts for a command code. Note that some computers will not have all the keys described here. For the important keys, an alternate CONTROL-key has been assigned, which conforms to the CONTROL-key assignments of many popular software packages. Further discussion of each key follows: ***************************************** * Section omitted. Evaluation copy. * ***************************************** PC-CALC(tm) USER GUIDE Page 15 ABS Function Purpose: Computes the absolute value of a cell or formula, and returns the value to the current cell or formula. Format: ABS(-35) Returns 35. ABS(A1) If A1 = 35, then ABS(A1) = 35. If A1 = 0, then ABS(A1) = 0. If A1 = -35, then ABS(A1) = 35. ABS(A1*2/B5) Resolves formula, then computes absolute value of the result. ***************************************** * Section omitted. Evaluation copy. * ***************************************** ----------------------------------------------------------------- ATN Function Purpose: Computes the arctangent of a cell or formula (in radians), and returns the value to the current cell or formula. Format: ATN(3) Returns 1.249045772 ATN(A1) If A1 = 3, and cell has 2 decimal places, returns 1.25 ATN(A1*2/B5) Resolves formula, then computes arctangent ***************************************** * Section omitted. Evaluation copy. * ***************************************** ----------------------------------------------------------------- AVERAGE Function Purpose: Computes the mean average of a range of numbers and returns the result to the current cell or formula. Format: AVERAGE(A1:A20) Averages a column of numbers AVERAGE(A1:E1) Averages a row of numbers AVERAGE(A1:D20) Averages a block of numbers ***************************************** * Section omitted. Evaluation copy. * ***************************************** PC-CALC(tm) USER GUIDE Page 16 BLANK Command (/B) Purpose: Removes the contents from a cell or range of cells, leaving them blank. Prompts: After entering /B you are prompted for the cell or cell range. The default, if ENTER is pressed, is to blank the current cell (the one where the cell cursor is located). ***************************************** * Section omitted. Evaluation copy. * ***************************************** ----------------------------------------------------------------- CONFIGURE Command (/C) Purpose: Configures the PC-CALC display, keyboard and printer. The width, height, layout, and color of the screen display can be set, the keyboard can be custom configured, and type of printer can be specified. Configuration changes can be made temporarily or permanently. ***************************************** * Section omitted. Evaluation copy. * ***************************************** ----------------------------------------------------------------- COS Function Purpose: Computes the trigonometric cosine of a cell or formula and returns the value to the current cell or formula. Format: COS(3.14159) Returns -1 COS(A1) If A1 = 3.14159, returns -1 COS(A1*2/B5) Resolves formula, then computes cosine ***************************************** * Section omitted. Evaluation copy. * ***************************************** PC-CALC(tm) USER GUIDE Page 17 COUNT Function Purpose: Counts the number of non-empty cells in a range of numbers and returns the resulting count to the current cell or formula. Format: COUNT(A1:A20) Counts a column of numbers COUNT(A1:E1) Counts a row of numbers COUNT(A1:D20) Counts a block of numbers ***************************************** * Section omitted. Evaluation copy. * ***************************************** ----------------------------------------------------------------- DELETE Command (/D) Purpose: Deletes a row or column from the spreadsheet. Prompts: Enter /D and you are asked: "Delete Row or Column?" Reply either R or C. The next prompt is either: "Enter row number to be deleted." or "Enter column letter to be deleted." The default, if ENTER is pressed, is to use the row number or column letter of the current cell (the one where the cell cursor is currently located). ***************************************** * Section omitted. Evaluation copy. * ***************************************** ----------------------------------------------------------------- EDIT Command (/E) Purpose: Displays the contents of a cell on the entry line, so it does not have to be re-typed. Prompts: Enter /E and you will be prompted for the cell to be edited. The default, if ENTER is pressed, is to edit the contents of the current cell (the one where the cell cursor is currently located). ***************************************** * Section omitted. Evaluation copy. * ***************************************** PC-CALC(tm) USER GUIDE Page 18 EXP Function Purpose: Computes the mathematical number e raised to a specified power. e is the base for natural logarithms. Returns the resulting value to the current cell or formula. Format: EXP(1) Returns e, which is 2.718282 EXP(A1) Returns e raised to the value in A1. EXP(A1*2/A5) Resolves the formula, then returns e raised to the resolved value. ***************************************** * Section omitted. Evaluation copy. * ***************************************** ----------------------------------------------------------------- FIX Function Purpose: Converts a number or formula to an integer, and returns the resulting value to the current cell or formula. Does not return the next lower number when negative, as does the INT function. Format: FIX(-2.5) Returns -2 FIX(A1) If A1 contains -2.5, returns -2. FIX(A1*2/A5) Resolves the formula, then returns the fixed decimal portion of the result ***************************************** * Section omitted. Evaluation copy. * ***************************************** ----------------------------------------------------------------- FORMAT Command (/F) Purpose: Sets the formatting options for a cell, a range of cells or the entire spreadsheet. Prompts: Enter /F and you will be prompted: "Enter range to be formatted (or ALL)." You can enter a single cell, a range of cells (which may be a block), or ALL. To format only the current cell, press ENTER or comma. The next prompt is: "Decimals, Width, Justify, Commas, *, $, (, %." Enter a D, W, J, C, *, $, ( or % to indicate which type PC-CALC(tm) USER GUIDE Page 19 of formatting you want to do. The next prompt depends on which option you select: D - "Number of decimal places (0 to 9)." The number of places to the right of the decimal can be changed using this command. This number of decimals is used on the screen display, on the printed output, and in computations. W - "Enter column width (0 to 75)." The width of a column or range of columns can be changed using this command. A column width of zero causes the column to be "hidden", allowing data to be stored without being seen. J - "Right-, Left- or Center-justify." Specify "L" to have numbers shifted to the left side of the column. Specify "R" to have text shifted to the right side of the column. "C" will center the cell's contents. PC-CALC defaults to right-justify for numbers and left- justify for text unless overridden by this command. C - "Commas between thousands (Y or N)." To have 12345.00 print as 12,345.00 specify "Y" to this prompt. To remove the commas from a number, specify "N". For example, if the number is a year such as 1985 you would not want it to print as 1,985. * - "Print numbers in bar graph format (Y or N)." If a cell contains a value or formula, the result will be displayed as a string of asterisks. Using this format option, you can produce simple horizontal bar graphs. $ - "Print leading dollar sign (Y or N)." If you specify Y, a dollar sign will be printed immediately to the left of the most significant digit. ( - "Negative numbers in parentheses (Y or N)." If Y is specified, a negative number will have parentheses around it, rather than a minus sign. To switch back to minus sign, specify N. Note: When this format option is specified, positive numbers have one blank space to the right. This is necessary so a column of positive and negative numbers will line up properly. % - "Print a percent sign to the right (Y or N)." If Y is specified, a percent sign will be printed on the right of the number. Note: this PC-CALC(tm) USER GUIDE Page 20 parameter has no bearing on the computation of a formula; it is strictly a formatting option. Each of the formatting options above which have responses of "Y" or "N" will also accept a response of ENTER. If you press the ENTER key instead of Y or N, the formatting options for the specified cell(s) will clear the format option, so the cell's format will revert to the default (global) setting. After responding to one of the formatting options, PC-CALC will repeat the prior prompt, allowing you to specify more than one formatting option for a cell or range. ***************************************** * Section omitted. Evaluation copy. * ***************************************** ----------------------------------------------------------------- GLOBAL Command (/G) Purpose: Sets various system options of PC-CALC, including border display, row/column calculation sequence, automatic recalculation, and printing zeros as blanks. Prompts: Enter /G and you will be prompted: "Border, Row, Column, Manual, Auto, Zero-as-blank" To select a global option, enter the first letter of the option. It is not necessary to press ENTER. ***************************************** * Section omitted. Evaluation copy. * ***************************************** ----------------------------------------------------------------- IF Function Purpose: Evaluates an expression as true or false, and returns the "then" argument if true, or the "else" argument if false. Format: IF(A1=5,1,0) If A1 contains a 5, a 1 is returned. Otherwise a 0 is returned. IF(A1>B5,D3,99) If the number in A1 is greater than the number in B5, the contents of D3 will be returned. Otherwise the number 99 will be returned. PC-CALC(tm) USER GUIDE Page 21 ***************************************** * Section omitted. Evaluation copy. * ***************************************** ----------------------------------------------------------------- INSERT Command (/I) Purpose: Inserts a row or column in the spreadsheet. Prompts: Enter /I and you will be asked: "Insert Row or Column?" to which you reply either R or C. The next prompt is: "Enter row number. New row will be inserted above it." or "Enter Column letter. New column will be inserted to the left of it." The default, if ENTER is pressed, is to use the row number or column letter of the current cell (the one where the cell cursor is currently located). ***************************************** * Section omitted. Evaluation copy. * ***************************************** ----------------------------------------------------------------- INT Function Purpose: Converts a number or formula to an integer, and returns the resulting value to the current cell or formula. Returns the next lower number when negative. (See also FIX function.) Format: INT(5.1) Returns 5 INT(A1) If A1 contains -2.5, returns -3 INT(A1*2/A5) Resolves the formula, then returns the fixed decimal portion of the result ***************************************** * Section omitted. Evaluation copy. * ***************************************** PC-CALC(tm) USER GUIDE Page 22 LOAD Command (/L) Purpose: Loads a spreadsheet file into memory so it can be altered or printed. Prompts: Enter /L and you will be prompted: "Enter the file name. (ENTER or A:, B:, etc. for directory.)" At this point, you have two choices: display a disk directory or load a spreadsheet file. If you press ENTER, the directory of the currently logged disk drive is displayed. By entering A:, B:, etc. you can display disk directories on other drives. If instead you enter a file name, PC-CALC will load that file. The file must be one that was produced earlier by PC-CALC, or one that was created by another program to exact PC-CALC specifications. (For example, the PC-FILE Export command can create PC-CALC spreadsheets.) The file name can be any valid MS-DOS file name; i.e. eight characters or less, optional extension, optional drive designation. Some examples of valid file names are: LOAN1 B:WORKSHT5.OLD X A:HOMEWRK.A After entering the file name, press ENTER and the file will be loaded. ***************************************** * Section omitted. Evaluation copy. * ***************************************** ----------------------------------------------------------------- LOG Function Purpose: Computes the natural logarithm of a number, and returns the resulting value to the current cell or formula. Format: LOG(-2.718282) Returns 1 LOG(A1) If A1 contains e, returns 1 LOG(A1*2/A5) Resolves the formula, then returns the natural log of the result ***************************************** * Section omitted. Evaluation copy. * ***************************************** PC-CALC(tm) USER GUIDE Page 23 MAX Function Purpose: Finds the largest number in a range of numbers and returns it to the current cell or formula. Format: MAX(A1:A20) Searches a column of numbers MAX(A1:E1) Searches a row of numbers MAX(A1:D20) Searches a block of numbers ***************************************** * Section omitted. Evaluation copy. * ***************************************** ----------------------------------------------------------------- MIN Function Purpose: Finds the smallest number in a range of numbers and returns it to the current cell or formula. Format: MIN(A1:A20) Searches a column of numbers MIN(A1:E1) Searches a row of numbers MIN(A1:D20) Searches a block of numbers ***************************************** * Section omitted. Evaluation copy. * ***************************************** ----------------------------------------------------------------- NPV Function Purpose: Computes the net present value of a stream of flows, at a specified discount rate, and returns the result to the current cell or formula. Format: NPV(.12,A1:A20) Rate specified as value NPV(A1,B1:E1) Rate in another cell NPV(A1/100,B1:E1) Rate specified as formula Remarks: The first operand of the NPV function is the discount rate. It may be a value, a cell reference, or a formula. The interval between the stream of flows must be constant, and determined by the rate; i.e. if the flows are annual, use an annual discount rate. If the flows are monthly, use a monthly discount rate. The second operand of the NPV function is a range of contiguous cells, which contains the stream of flows. ***************************************** * Section omitted. Evaluation copy. * ***************************************** PC-CALC(tm) USER GUIDE Page 24 PRINT Command (/P) Purpose: Prints a hard copy report of a spreadsheet. Prompts: Enter /P and you will be prompted: "Enter range to be printed (or ENTER for all)." The word ALL will appear on the entry line. If you want to print only part of the spreadsheet, enter the coordinates as a range (for example: A1:G15) over the word ALL, then press ENTER or comma. To print the complete spreadsheet, press ENTER. The next prompt is: "Enter page width (number of characters across printout)." The number 80 will appear on the entry line. If the printer is set up to accomodate an eighty-character printout, just press ENTER. Otherwise, enter the width of the printer page. The next prompt is: "Enter page length (number of lines per page)." The number 60 will appear on the entry line. If you are printing on normal eleven-inch paper, at six lines per inch, press ENTER. Otherwise, figure out how many lines will print on a page and enter it. The next prompt is: "Options: D=dbl space, S=setup, P=pause, C=contents, B=border, O=offset" If no special options are desired, just press ENTER. Otherwise, enter one or more option characters and press ENTER. The options are: D - Double space the printout. Puts an extra blank line between each line of your spreadsheet. S - Allows you to send special setup codes to the printer, to change character size, etc. If S is selected, another prompt will follow, allowing the setup codes to be entered. P - If the report is more than one page, PC-CALC will pause after each page. This option is useful when using a printer that takes single sheets of paper. C - Prints the contents of each cell rather than the display. Each non-blank cell is displayed, one per line, with its coordinate, attributes and contents. B - Causes the row and column borders to be displayed on PC-CALC(tm) USER GUIDE Page 25 the printed spreadsheet. O - Specifies a left margin width on the report. If not specified, the default is seven. If "O" is entered, you are prompted for a new offset (see below). SETUP If "S" was specified above, the following prompt will be given next: "Enter printer setup codes, then ENTER." For some printers, the setup codes have been built into PC-CALC's /Configure routines. The standard diskette comes configured for Epson (IBM) printers. The setup prompt will have a second line saying: Epson printers: "A" = 10 cpi, "B" = 12 cpi, "C" = 17 cpi. If your PC-CALC has been configured for another printer, that printer's name will appear instead of Epson. If the named printer matches your printer, you can alternately enter the letters A, B or C to set your printer spacing to 10, 12 or 17 characters per inch, respectively. If PC-CALC has not been configured for your printer, you can still send setup codes to the printer. Just Press any key (other than A, B or C) at this time, and its ASCII value will be sent directly to the printer. For example, if the sequence "ESC,M" sets your printer to twelve characters per inch, press the Escape key, then the capital M. When all the setup codes have been entered, press ENTER. Some printer setup codes are special ASCII characters. If you need to send an ASCII 15 to your printer, for example, there are two ways to do this: 1. Hold down CTRL and press O (the letter). CTRL-O at the keyboard generates an ASCII 15. (O is the 15th letter of the alphabet. CTRL-A generates an ASCII 1, etc.) 2. Hold down the ALT key, and type the number you want sent on the numeric keypad. For example, to send an ASCII 15, hold down ALT, press the one then the five key, and let go of ALT. An ASCII 15 will be sent. This feature is built into the hardware of the IBM PC, and may not be available on all compatibles. Be sure to type the number on the numeric keypad, and not on the numeric row across the top of the keyboard. PC-CALC(tm) USER GUIDE Page 26 OFFSET If "O" (offset) was specified as one of the options above, PC-CALC will now prompt: "Enter the page offset (left-margin size)." The entry line will contain a "7". Enter any number, from 0 to 99, and that many blanks will be printed to the left of the spreadsheet. The last prompt from the Print command is: "Printer or Disk." Specify P to send the output directly to the printer. If D is specified, you are prompted: "Enter the file name." Enter a valid MSDOS file name, and the printed output will be written to a file by that name. You can print it later with the MSDOS "COPY filename PRN:" command, or access it with your word processor for further editing. ***************************************** * Section omitted. Evaluation copy. * ***************************************** ----------------------------------------------------------------- QUIT Command (/Q) Purpose: Exits from PC-CALC to the operating system. Prompts: Enter /Q and you will be prompted: "Quit? Y or N." To exit, enter "Y". To continue with the spreadsheet, reply "N" or CONTROL-C. ***************************************** * Section omitted. Evaluation copy. * ***************************************** PC-CALC(tm) USER GUIDE Page 27 REPLICATE Command (/R) Purpose: Copies data from a cell or range to another cell, range or block, and optionally adjusts the cell coordinates in formulas. The format attributes such as decimals, commas, etc. are copied along with the data. This powerful command allows cells to be copied over and over, with formulas adjusted, saving considerable data entry. Prompts: Enter /R and you will be prompted: "Enter the "from" range." Enter a single cell or a range of cells (example: A1:G1). If the "from" cell is the current cell (where the cell cursor is currently), just press ENTER. The current cell will be used. The next prompt is: "Enter the "to" range." Once again, enter a single cell or a range of cells. This range specifies the receiving field. If the "to" cell is the current cell, just press ENTER. If your ranges are valid, the data in the "from" range will now be copied to the "to" range. During the copying operation if a formula is encountered in the "from" range, a message will be given for each of the variables in the formula. For example: "(A5) Adjust A3 Y or N?" This sample message says that in the "from" cell A5 it found a formula. That formula contained a reference to A3. If you reply Y to this message, each replication of A5 will be changed so the formula refers to A4, then A5, then A6, etc. If you reply N to this message, all replications will refer to A3, unchanged. See the examples below for more information. ***************************************** * Section omitted. Evaluation copy. * ***************************************** PC-CALC(tm) USER GUIDE Page 28 SAVE Command (/S) Purpose: Saves a spreadsheet file on disk so it can be retrieved later for altering or printing. Prompts: Enter /S and you will be prompted: "Enter the file name. (ENTER or A:, B:, etc. for directory.)" At this point, you have two choices: display a disk directory or save the spreadsheet file. If you press ENTER, the directory of the currently logged disk drive is displayed. By entering A:, B:, etc. you can display disk directories on other drives. If instead you enter a file name, PC-CALC will save the currently displayed spreadsheet onto disk, giving it that name. The file name can be any valid MSDOS file name; i.e. eight characters or less, optional extension, optional drive designation. Some examples of valid file names are: LOAN1 B:WORKSHT5.OLD X A:HOMEWRK.A After entering the file name, press ENTER and the file will be saved. ***************************************** * Section omitted. Evaluation copy. * ***************************************** ----------------------------------------------------------------- SGN Function Purpose: Determines the sign of a number, and returns 1 if the number is positive, 0 if the number is zero, or -1 if the number is negative. The value is returned to the current cell or formula. Format: SGN(-35) Returns -1. SGN(A1) If A1 = 35, then SGN(A1) = 1 If A1 = 0, then SGN(A1) = 0 If A1 = -35, then SGN(A1) = -1 SGN(A1*2/B5) Resolves formula, then determines the sign of the result. ***************************************** * Section omitted. Evaluation copy. * ***************************************** PC-CALC(tm) USER GUIDE Page 29 SIN Function Purpose: Computes the trigonometric sine of a cell or formula and returns the value to the current cell or formula. Format: SIN(1.57079) Returns 1 SIN(A1) If A1 = 1.57079, returns 1 SIN(A1*2/B5) Resolves formula, then computes sine ***************************************** * Section omitted. Evaluation copy. * ***************************************** ----------------------------------------------------------------- SQR Function Purpose: Computes the square root of a value, cell or formula and returns the result to the current cell or formula. Format: SQR(25) Returns 5 SQR(A1) If A1 = 25, returns 5 SQR(A1*2/B5) Resolves formula, then computes square root ***************************************** * Section omitted. Evaluation copy. * ***************************************** ----------------------------------------------------------------- SUM Function Purpose: Sums a range of numbers and returns the result to the current cell or formula. Format: SUM(A1:A20) Sums a column of numbers SUM(A1:E1) Sums a row of numbers SUM(A1:D20) Sums a block of numbers ***************************************** * Section omitted. Evaluation copy. * ***************************************** PC-CALC(tm) USER GUIDE Page 30 TAN Function Purpose: Computes the trigonometric tangent of a value, cell or formula and returns the result to the current cell or formula. Format: TAN(.7854) Returns 1 TAN(A1) If A1 = .7854, returns 1 TAN(A1*2/B5) Resolves formula, then computes tangent ***************************************** * Section omitted. Evaluation copy. * ***************************************** ----------------------------------------------------------------- TITLE Command (/T) Purpose: Locks spreadsheet titles along the top of the screen and/or along the left side, so they remain in view. Prompts: Begin by moving the cell cursor to the line just below and/or the column to the right of the titles to be locked; i.e. the first "unlocked" cell. Then enter /T and you will be prompted: "Horizontal, Vertical, Both or None." To lock one or more title lines at the top of the screen, enter "H". To lock one or more columns along the left edge of the screen, enter "V". To lock titles both vertically and horizontally, enter "B". ***************************************** * Section omitted. Evaluation copy. * ***************************************** ----------------------------------------------------------------- XTERNAL Command (/X) Purpose: Reads data from another PC-CALC spreadsheet, or from a PC-FILE database, and places the data into the current cell. ***************************************** * Section omitted. Evaluation copy. * ***************************************** PC-CALC(tm) USER GUIDE Page 31 ZAP Command (/Z) Purpose: Clears the spreadsheet area and resets all the system defaults. Prompts: Enter /Z and you will be prompted: "Clear contents? (Y or N)." To clear the current contents of every cell, and reset all the system defaults, enter "Y". To leave the current spreadsheet as is, reply "N" or CONTROL-C. ***************************************** * Section omitted. Evaluation copy. * ***************************************** ----------------------------------------------------------------- PC-CALC FILE FORMAT ***************************************** * Section omitted. Evaluation copy. * ***************************************** ----------------------------------------------------------------- FILES ON THE PC-CALC DISK This information is provided so you will know the function of each file in the PC-CALC system. ***************************************** * Section omitted. Evaluation copy. * ***************************************** ----------------------------------------------------------------- SOME FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS Q: What is your update policy? A: All registered (contributing) users will be notified by mail when a new version of PC-CALC becomes available. The cost of an update will usually be $20 (to registered users). If you aren't a registered user you will not receive notification of updates. Q: Can I obtain the source code for the program? A: Sorry, but the source code is proprietary. PC-CALC(tm) USER GUIDE Page 32 Q: Do you have any other programs you are distributing? A: Yes. PC-FILE, a powerful data base management program, and PC-DIAL, a communications program. There is also a graphics program called PC-GRAPH which allows you to prepare graphs from your PC-FILE database. PC-GRAPH is still under development, and not available at this time. The programs are available from ButtonWare for the following prices: PC-FILE $49 PC-DIAL $25 PC-CALC $48 ***************************************** * Section omitted. Evaluation copy. * ***************************************** Q: What computers does PC-CALC run on? A: Based on our users' responses, we know that PC-CALC runs on the following computers: IBM PC IBM XT IBM PCjr IBM PC Portable IBM AT COLUMBIA 1600 COMPAQ CORONA LEADING EDGE PC TAVA ZENITH Z-150 If you have tested PC-CALC on another brand, please let us know, and we will add it to the list. PC-CALC(tm) USER GUIDE Page 33 IF YOU NEED HELP It's our express goal to provide the highest quality programs for the lowest price in the industry. Nobody benefits more from this policy than you, the computer user. Our products are so overwhelmingly popular that the telephone here rings almost constantly. While the author heartily enjoys talking with users, it's becoming impossible to spend any time enhancing the programs. If we have to install support lines and hire technical personnel to provide telephone assistance, the price of our products will have to be increased. We don't want to do this, and we're certain that you agree. We beg your indulgence with this problem. Please don't call unless it's an "emergency". Before calling, carefully read the User Guide one more time, looking for an answer to your question. The best way to receive help with your questions, or a response to your suggestions, is to write us a letter. Be sure to carefully detail the problem and all symptoms. Please include a stamped, self addressed return envelope. We'll try to respond to all such mailings. One last word. If you're not a registered user, please don't call or write. Because our availability is a limited resource, we feel it's only fair that we spend it on our registered users. PC-CALC(tm) USER GUIDE Page 34 DISCLAIMER You assume the responsibility for the selection of the programs to achieve the results you desire and for the installation, use and results from the programs. ButtonWare makes no representation or warranties with respect to the contents hereof and disclaims any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for any particular purpose. The entire risk as to the quality and performance of the programs is with you. In no event will the Author be liable to you for any damages, including any lost profits, lost savings or other incidental or consequential damages arising out of the use of or inability to use these programs, even if the Author has been advised of the possibility of such damages, or for any claim by any other party. ---------------------------------------------------------------- THE USER-SUPPORTED CONCEPT You are encouraged to copy and share this diskette with others. If after evaluating this program you find it to be useful, you are trusted to send a $48 payment to: Jim Button P.O. Box 5786 Bellevue WA 98006 User-supported software is an expreriment in distributing computer programs, based on these beliefs: 1. That the value and utility of software is best assessed by the user on his/her own system. 2. That the creation of personal computer software can and should be supported by the computing community. 3. That copying of programs should be encouraged, rather than restricted. Anyone may legally obtain an evaluation copy of the program from a friend or computer club. After you've had a chance to use and evaluate the program in your own environment, you're trusted to either forward a payment to the author, or to discontinue use of the program. In any case, you are encouraged to copy the program for evaluation by others. PC-CALC(tm) USER GUIDE Page 35 Free distribution of software and voluntary payment for its use eliminates costs for advertising and copy protection schemes. Users obtain quality software at greatly reduced cost. They can try it out before buying, and do so at their own pace and in the comfort of their own home or office. The best programs will survive, based purely on their quality and usefulness. Please join the experiment.If you believe in these ideals, your payment is solicited to help make them work. ---------------------------------------------------------------- WHY SHOULD I PAY? We were hoping you would ask. You're trusted to use this copy of PC-CALC for evaluation purposes only, until the requested payment is made. There are some solid reasons for sending in your payment: - It's the right thing to do. You'll feel a lot better about yourself! - When we receive your payment, we'll send you the latest version of PC-CALC. This is the version with the fewest bugs and the newest enhancements. New features are being added regularly to this program. - You will receive a complete, printed copy of the User Guide. - We will add you to our database of supporters. Every time a new version comes out, we will automatically send you a flyer giving you the option of buying the new version for a nominal update charge - usually about $20. - We will give you "priority" treatment if you need to write to us with problems or questions. ---------------------------------------------------------------- RESTRICTED PERMISSION TO COPY PC-CALC(tm) is NOT a public domain program, and never has been. It is Copyright(C) 1984 by Jim Button. The conditions under which you may copy the PC-CALC programs and documentation are clearly outlined below. WARNING!!! The author intends to vigorously prosecute copyright violations. Individuals are granted permission by the author to freely copy the PC-CALC diskette for their own use or for others to evaluate, so long as no price or other consideration is charged. The printed material may not be copied without the express written permission of the author. PC-CALC(tm) USER GUIDE Page 36 Computer clubs (non-profit) are granted permission by the author to copy the PC-CALC diskette and share it with their members, so long as: - No price or other consideration is charged. However, a distribution fee may be charged for the cost of the diskette, so long as it is not more than $9 total. - Club members who receive the programs are informed in writing of the user-supported concept and encouraged to support it with their payments. - The program or documentation are not modified in any way and are distributed together. - The PC-CALC diskette may not be packaged together with any other programs or materials. It may not be bundled and sold as part of some other more inclusive package. - The programs may not be "rented" to others. - The programs may not be distributed via computerized "bulletin boards" or through any other telecommunications link. - The printed manual may not be copied or reproduced in any way. Any group, person or organization which purchases advertising space in any publication may not distribute PC-CALC under the "computer club" conditions. You are not considered to be a "non-profit" club. Companies, schools, universities, government and other organizations are granted permission by the author to copy the PC-CALC programs and documentation for use on other computers and at other locations in the organization, so long as: - The full registration fee of $48 has been paid for the original copy of the program. - A usage fee of $40 is paid to ButtonWare for each additional building where PC-CALC will be used. Within any building for which the usage fee has been paid, PC-CALC may be copied freely for use on any computer in that building. ORDER FORM JIM BUTTON Federal Employer I.D.# 91-1228699 ButtonWare P.O. Box 5786 (Quantity and dealer Bellevue WA 98006 discounts available) PRICE PRICE PRODUCT QTY EACH EXTENDED =============================== ==== ======= ========= PC-CALC Version 2.0 (with printed User's Guide) ___ $48 $_______ Usage fee for additional copies (each building) ___ $40 $_______ PC-Calc Printed User's Guide (Registered users only) ___ $25 $_______ Package of 10 PC-Calc Printed User's Guides ___ $150 $_______ Package of 100 PC-Calc Printed User's Guides ___ $1000 $_______ PC-File III Data Base Program ___ $49 $_______ PC-Dial Asynch Communications Program ___ $29 $_______ SUBTOTAL: $_______ 7.8% state sales tax (Washington state residents) $_______ TOTAL: $_______ (Available only on double sided diskettes) MasterCard____ or Visa____ or personal check____ Card Number: ______________________ Expiration date: __________ Signature: ________________________ Name: ___________________________________________________________ Address: ________________________________________________________ City: ___________________________ State: ____ Zip: ____________ PC-CALC(tm) USER GUIDE Page 38 INDEX ***************************************** * Section omitted. Evaluation copy. * *****************************************